Regulatory Open Forum

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  • 1.  Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 07-Sep-2017 16:58

    While I'm not a lawyer and not necessarily conversant in immigration policies, I have a concern that I think there is an issue worthy of our discussion.

     

    My understanding of President Obama's DACA decision is that as long as certain people meet specified conditions, then the relevant executive agencies would direct their enforcement activities away from them. In this case, to use a colloquial term, there are "bigger fish to fry". In other words, this is a case of enforcement discretion.

     

    Many people says that this decision violates the law, violates the constitution, etc. President Trump has decided to terminate the program.

     

    My question is not about DACA, but about the use of enforcement discretion by an executive agency in general and by FDA in particular. FDA uses enforcement discretion in many cases.

     

    A small example is the guidance document on post-market cybersecurity. FDA says that as long as a device manufacturer implements certain conditions, enumerated in the guidance document, FDA will not enforce the Corrections & Removals regulation.

     

    A large example is laboratory developed tests, LDTs. These are in vitro diagnostics devices manufactured by certain companies. FDA has a policy to not enforce the device regulations for these manufacturers, i.e., enforcement discretion.

     

    My question is simple (but the answers may not be). If the DACA argument, as stated by the Attorney General, concludes that executive agencies may not exercise enforcement discretion, does this mean that FDA must also stop?

     

     

     

     

     

     



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    Dan O'Leary
    Swanzey NH
    United States
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  • 2.  RE: Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 07-Sep-2017 17:25
    Dan,

    Good Day!

    From my perspective, the answer is simple!

    I am a US citizen and I am not subject to DACA.  I am not a lawyer, but I enjoy making arguments with lawyers, judges, etc. I even have my consulting client who is a lawyer and entrepreneur.  

    Here is my answer/view in response to your question. 

    The US Department of Justice (DOJ) enforces the law.  When and if the DACA gets cancelled, There is no law (e.g., DACA) to enforce and thus, there is no enforcement discretion to exercise.

    As for the FDA, the FDA is subject to various authorities (e.g., FDCA, PHSA, CLIA, FDASIA, etc.....)

    As long as the public Statutes that the FDA is subject to are valid (e.g., enforceable, enforced not cancelled/withdrawn), FDA's enforcement discretion will be exercised. 

    Thank you.

    s/ David
    ______________________________________________
    Dr. David Lim, Ph.D., RAC, ASQ-CQA 
    REGULATORY DOCTOR
    Phone (Toll-Free): 1-(800) 321-8567

    NOTICE: This communication (including any attachments) may contain privileged or confidential information intended for a specific individual and purpose, and is protected by law. If you are not the intended recipient, you should delete this communication and/or shred the materials and any attachments and are hereby notified that any disclosure, copying or distribution of this communication, or the taking of any action based on it, is strictly prohibited.







  • 3.  RE: Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 07-Sep-2017 18:54
    Oh you had to bring up LDTs! 

    My position right now is that, while FDA withdrew the draft guidance, I never saw a statement that it had changed its mind about enforcement, did you?

    Until I see a statement to that effect, I'm not counting on discretion.

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    Julie Omohundro, ex-RAC (US, GS), still an MBA
    Principal Consultant
    Class Three, LLC
    Durham, North Carolina, USA
    919-544-3366 (T)
    434-964-1614 (C)
    julie@class3devices.com
    ------------------------------



  • 4.  RE: Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 08-Sep-2017 07:29
    There is a critical difference between a law and a regulation.  I know that we in the industry can get in a boatload of trouble by not following the regulations, but the issue raised by attempting to drawing parallels to DACA is flawed.

    A law is passed by an Act of Congress, whereas a regulation is authorized by Congress delegation of responsibility (the details) to the Executive Branch agency to implement the law.  Regulations are administrative in nature, promulgated (not legislated) by an Executive Branch agency.

    In the case U.S. v. Utah Medical Products, Inc. (404 F.Supp.2d 1315 (2005), the difference between the law (Food Drug and Cosmetic Act) and the regulation, Quality System Regulation (21 CFR 820) was examined by the court.  The essence of the issue was that Utah Medical did not "validate" in the way described in the QSR, but there was no question of the final product quality, which would be a violation of the FD&C Act.  In short, FDA lost.  Utah Medical did not violate the law, but was not in compliance with the regulation.

    To summarize, there is no affect of the DACA decision on FDA "enforcement discretion" of their regulations.  However, FDA cannot use "enforcement discretion" to ignore a part of the FD&C Act, which is the law.  DACA was an Executive Order that was not authorized by Congress, but instead attempted to ignore immigration law passed by Congress.

    James Bonds, J.D.






  • 5.  RE: Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 08-Sep-2017 08:50
    ​OK folks, as James has aptly pointed out there is a difference in the way courts view regulation and legislation.  That is a huge distinction and honestly most courts from what I have seen (no, I am not a lawyer but I do read legal opinions/decisions that could have an impact on the business I support) have been more than willing to accept the theory of enforcement discretion/agency resource utilization or whatever other term you want to apply to the situation where an agency decides that there are better cases to make a bigger point or garner greater attention to an issue than others and utilizing agency resources to go after the "bigger fish" as Dan alluded to in the original post.

    I do, however, wonder if this were to ever be litigated and found to violate the Constitution in the guise of DACA (an Executive order somewhat similar to the regulation promulgated by agencies in that there is no legislation (law) backing the exact wording or premise) if that could have a negative impact (at least to a degree) on FDA's use of enforcement discretion when it comes to regulation?  While I realize that regulation is the use of Congressionally granted authority to put in place requirements to adequately enforce the law, I do wonder if it is unconstitutional as respects one form of Executive action (Orders to executive branch agencies on how to manage the workload) if it could also be questionable as respects the other form of executive rulemaking and whether the agency would have the authority, even under the regulations, to refuse to prosecute the requirements.  Just taking this a step further, it could be argued that the FDA promulgated the regulations under Congressional authority and while the Utah Medical case found that the company had not violated the law simply because they did not follow the regulations according to how FDA would want the validation work completed, then effectively any "regulatory" issue could become grounds for arguing that the industry standard is better than the FDA's standard....

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    Victor Mencarelli
    Director - Regulatory Affairs
    Hain Celestial Group
    United States
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  • 6.  RE: Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 08-Sep-2017 09:07
    Except that FDA does, indeed, ignore laws. There has been a regulation since at least eh last MDUFA requiring FDA to update MDR reporting to allow for specific types of devices to summary report. Only in the last year did they even do a pilot, and they still don't comply with the law - it appears mainly because they don't like it.

    g-

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    Ginger Glaser RAC
    Vice-President, Engineering
    MN
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  • 7.  RE: Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 08-Sep-2017 10:44

    Let me clarify my question. I concur that there is an important distinction between a law and a regulation. I had laws in mind.

     

    While President Obama issued an Executive Order that dealt with enforcement discretion of immigration law, many executive agencies, including FDA, exercise enforcement discretion "on their own".

     

    Attorney General Sessions espoused the doctrine that enforcement discretion is illegal and unconstitutional.

     

    My example is that FDA has the stated position that LDTs are in vitro diagnostic devices covered by FD&CA, but has decided not to enforce the law in these special cases.

     

    Under the Sessions Doctrine, is FDA's use of enforcement discretion illegal and unconstitutional?



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    Dan O'Leary
    Swanzey NH
    United States
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  • 8.  RE: Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 08-Sep-2017 11:13
    Dan,

    Attorney General Sessions espoused the doctrine that enforcement discretion is illegal and unconstitutional.

    The US AG Sessions is trying to reinstate the separation of powers under the US Constitution. The separation of powers is fundamental to democracy.

    Obama administration overstepped his power of the executive branch, implementing the DACA against the power of legislative branch (US Congress). 

    Thus, AG Sessions is saying that enforcement discretion (in this case pertaining to the DACA) is illegal and unconstitutional.  

    Under the Sessions Doctrine, is FDA's use of enforcement discretion illegal and unconstitutional?

    The US executive branch has some freedom to implement the law based on their discretion.  As part of their implementation, enforcement discretion plays a big role.  When and if we (industry) disagree with the FDA, we can challenge in a court of law as the court interprets the law.  

    From my view, FDA's enforcement discretion is legitimate as it is within their power unless and until it is challenged in a court of law and is ordered otherwise.  When challenged, it should be done on a case by case (based on specific statutory provisions). 

    Thank you.

    s/ David
    ______________________________________________
    Dr. David Lim, Ph.D., RAC, ASQ-CQA 
    REGULATORY DOCTOR
    Phone (Toll-Free): 1-(800) 321-8567

    NOTICE: This communication (including any attachments) may contain privileged or confidential information intended for a specific individual and purpose, and is protected by law. If you are not the intended recipient, you should delete this communication and/or shred the materials and any attachments and are hereby notified that any disclosure, copying or distribution of this communication, or the taking of any action based on it, is strictly prohibited.







  • 9.  RE: Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 08-Sep-2017 11:20
    Dan,

    From my view, we (industry) have to respect the FDA's exercise of enforcement discretion unless it is patently wrong. 

    I myself challenge FDA's action if I see it is done against the law (e.g., when it is so obvious). 

    D







  • 10.  RE: Enforcement Discretion and DACA

    Posted 08-Sep-2017 15:00
    Dan,

    I think the DACA analogy is muddying the waters.  DACA's fatal flaw is that it is an executive order, not a law enacted by Congress.  

    I believe your question is regarding FDA's prosecutorial discretion regarding it's interpretation of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and the regulations interpreting the Act (which, by the way ARE law - guidance docs, no; regs, yes).  FDA's prosecutorial discretion is clearly established in the Supreme Court's ruling in Heckler v. Cheney.  Here's a quick summary:   Heckler v. Chaney
    Oyez remove preview
    Heckler v. Chaney
    Are decisions made by the FDA not to exercise enforcement authority over the use of drugs precluded from judicial review by Section 701(a)(2) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. Section 501 et seq. (APA)?
    View this on Oyez >
    .
    Cassie

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    Cassandra McGurk RAC
    Sudbury MA
    United States
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