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Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

  • 1.  Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 04-Nov-2022 18:42

    ISO 14971:2019 asks the manufacturer to consider reasonably foreseeable misuse.

    I'm always nervous about considering reasonably foreseeable misuse might be, in fact, condoning off-label use. Some regulatory jurisdictions have rules, regulations, and requirements in this area.

    I have not kept up with the current state of regulatory thinking in this area.

    What is the current thinking for a manufacturer's obligations when
    a) condoning off-label use
    b) learning of unexpected off-label use (perhaps from a complaint)

    How does reasonably foreseeably misuse fit into regulatory thinking?

    To limit the scope, for, what I anticipate is complicated issue, consider the MDSAP countries and, perhaps, the EU.



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    Dan O'Leary CQA, CQE
    Swanzey NH
    United States
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  • 2.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 05-Nov-2022 15:06
    Hi Dan

    Yes, it is complicated.

    The definitions in 14971 and 62366 do help in classifying different kinds of user behaviors.

    Toward one end of the spectrum, reasonably foreseeable misuse is based on what you expect some fraction of your users to do, including both unintentional and intentional errors, and doing things that seem reasonable even if for some reason you've written instructions that they shouldn't. The manufacturer has the power to reduce misuse by designing in enough clues to make it obvious to the user what they should be doing.

    At the other end, abnormal use is so far outside the intended use that you can't reasonably be expected to predict it and design for it.

    Somewhere in between those two, there are intentional off-label uses that the manufacturer may have some responsibilities for. But how much responsibility? That falls on a spectrum, too.

    The following comments are specific to the US regulatory environment.

    I tend not to use the word "condone" for off-label use. FDA has been clear that they do not regulate the practice of medicine, and in the role of a manufacturer I would also not want to attempt to control the practice of medicine.

    https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/label-and-investigational-use-marketed-drugs-biologics-and-medical-devices

    https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/responding-unsolicited-requests-label-information-about-prescription-drugs-and-medical-devices

    At the same time, the old FDA labeling guidance based on 21CFR801.4 still stands:

    "If a manufacturer knows or has information indicating that his device is to be used for conditions or purposes other than which it was intended, he is required to provide adequate labeling in accordance with such other uses. (An example of this might be a manufacturer of dental X-ray equipment who is routinely selling his product to podiatrists.)"

    https://www.fda.gov/files/medical%20devices/published/Labeling---Regulatory-Requirements-for-Medical-Devices-(FDA-89-4203).pdf

    Of course, quantifying that "routinely" vs occasional or unexpected uses could be a challenge.

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    Anne LeBlanc
    United States
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  • 3.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 06-Nov-2022 02:10
    For EU, the recent NB position paper on off-label use gives some perspective on monitoring for such uses, whether occasional or systematic, through postmarket surveillance and clinical followup activities,

    https://www.team-nb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Team-NB-PositionPaper-Off-LabelUse-V1-20221005.pdf

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    Anne LeBlanc
    United States
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  • 4.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 06-Nov-2022 05:36
    Hi Dan,

    This is indeed a complicated subject and I have seen it looked at so many different ways, even from within the organisation, i.e. a Notified Body or even US FDA.  Often times what I see (and usually recommend) is that mis-use is identified in the risk management process, but it really is a "tight rope walking" because if a regulatory reviewer picks up on it, they can hang onto it like a bone.  I try to take a more pragmatic view that companies, from a risk management perspective, should err on the side of disclosure because it can help them maybe in future litigation.

    This is more worrying than a regulatory reviewer having issues about potential mis-use, statements in the IFU, or so-called off-label use.  Because if a user does use the product off-label - the mis-use - and a patient is injured, at least from a litigation perspective the company is more protected because they have identified it ... and potentially warned against it.  I do get asked this question a lot.  From my perspective it would be better stating in the Instructions for Use or labelling against an off-label use, as a mis-use, to clearly inform the user of the mis-use.  Though yes, there is always the regulatory perspective of agencies saying, 'Well, you know this is an off-label use ... you should do something about it.'  But then the healthcare professional says the off-label use is needed under medical practice or being able to support, help, or save a patient.  It is difficult.  Anne provides some great links which I go to often always refreshing myself about this as the thinking meanders on the tight rope.

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    Richard Vincins ASQ-CQA, MTOPRA, RAC
    Vice President Global Regulatory Affairs
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  • 5.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 08-Nov-2022 08:39
    Edited by Neil Armstrong 08-Nov-2022 08:42
    Hi Anne:
    This plays into my concerns.
    We usually have different labeling, frequently dimensional differences, clinical practice differs and now what constitutes off-label use and the necessary actions differs between EU and US. 
    Yet, FDA require an MDR report to match EU AIR.
    Presumably we will be similarly expected to report and act on off-label use in Europe?
    Even if we believe because of clinical practice and product differences we feel it is less likely to happen in the US?
    I fear I see a situation where "you are hung if you do and hung if you don't!"
    Having said that, last month's plethora of Team-NB papers are a welcome addition to MDCG "Guidance", which tends to repeat the legislation rather than provide interpretation and application ... in my opinion!
    Best regards
    Neil

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    Neil Armstrong FRAPS
    CEO MeddiQuest Limited
    Peterborough
    United Kingdom
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  • 6.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 06-Nov-2022 09:06
    Anne is right on target.  Her response is correct at least from the perspective of ISO 14971, and from my experience on the regulatory perspective.  One thing I might add is the general sense that if it has happened before (even once), it is reasonably foreseeable.  That was the discussion we had in the standards committee. Of course there are events that have not yet happened, but because of predictable human behavior they can be expected and should be considered in your evaluation.

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    Edwin Bills MEd, BSc, RAC, ASQ Fellow, CQE, CQA, CMQ/OE
    Member ISO TC 210 JWG1
    Principal Consultant
    Overland Park KS
    United States
    elb@edwinbillsconsultant.com
    ------------------------------



  • 7.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 06-Nov-2022 10:51
    Hi Dan:
    I am really glad you asked this question, I have just spent most of my Sunday afternoon wrestling with this issue!
    EU-MDR A14 #6.1.(e) requires our PMCF plan to specify methods for identifying possible systematic misuse or off-label use of the device.
    (underlining is mine)
    Does this help or hinder? I don't know, but I fear it is another complication.
    I'll be very following the conversation with great interest!
    Best regards
    Neil


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    Neil Armstrong FRAPS
    CEO MeddiQuest Limited
    Peterborough
    United Kingdom
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  • 8.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 07-Nov-2022 02:10
    Hi
    Thank you for this post! We are struging with the FDA exactly with this issue!
    They have indicated- we are aware that devices as yours are misused, please have this as part of your clinical study, we just want to know the frequency. We did as told and got some low percentage of such misuse (below 10%). Now they are telling us- a ha, you have a misuse, mitigate it so you will not have a misuse! 
    This is really frustrating. It is like telling the FDA: "Ok, we have a car, can you approve it? We are clearly sating that they need a driving license to use it and they cannot drive above certein limit as this might kill them." The FDA sais: "Ok, we know that some people drive without license and above th limit, we just want to know to which extend..". We do as requested and then they say: "Aha! show us that your car recognises if the driver does not have license and can't go beyond the sped limit, and if you are doing so, please make sure that your car is actually a toy that the user cannot use at all...."
    Very frustrating!
    This is my experience with reasonably forseable misuse :)
    Ella

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    Ella Sheiman
    Haifa
    Israel
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  • 9.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 07-Nov-2022 03:38
    Very nice analogy Ella :)

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    Richard Vincins ASQ-CQA, MTOPRA, RAC
    Vice President Global Regulatory Affairs
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  • 10.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 07-Nov-2022 04:29
    A great set of replies, and I'm in agreement with Richard that Ella's analogy is great.

    I would definitely recommend including all use errors within the risk management file, along with discussion on what kind of use error they may be (reasonably foreseeable misuse [i always preferred 'use' here but nevermind] and what controls are in place.

    Ella - I would suggest considering what is state of the art in terms of control measures for your device and whether there is any PMS data showing similar use errors for competitor products. It may be just an over-eager reviewer asking for something that isn't reasonable.

    Another angle to this conversation, is feedback on use errors and off-label use from the PMS data. i.e. what do you do with a complaint that indicates or highlights off-label use. How do you track it to allow measurement of frequency? How do you reply to the complainant/user to respond to the complainant whilst also not condoning the off-label use. In my past life, my colleagues and i were faced with so many vigilance report responses from manufacturers that cited 'misuse' or 'off-label use' because it was the easy way to address the incident. If that conclusion was not backed up by evidence of appropriate risk analysis, evaluation and control measures then it was not deemed acceptable. The users of the devices in question rarely agreed with the conclusion of it being misuse, which comes back to my dislike of 'misuse' because in many cases the manufacturer hasn't intended you to use the device in that way, but that is mainly because the breadth of users and use environments have not been considered and thus they have not thought about 'what does the user do if item x is not available at hand?' or 'will they have access to this kind of lighting to perform the task' etc. E.g. spreading the legs of a patient hoist under the bed (from which the patient is to be lifted) due to the restricted room in the non-clinical setting....the user cannot see that the legs are not fully spread and the device (although they should all now do this) was still able to life whilst not having the optimal stability base.​ 

    If clinicians or healthcare practitioners approach a manufacturer about planning to use a device off label, what is the manufacturer's policy? In the EU and UK, that would likely constitute a clinical investigation for expanding the intended use of a CE marked device. I have seen less sensible approaches by manufacturers when faced with such requests; which end up going badly.

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    Edward Ball
    Manager, Intelligence & Innovation
    United Kingdom
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  • 11.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    This message was posted by a user wishing to remain anonymous
    Posted 07-Nov-2022 08:53
    This message was posted by a user wishing to remain anonymous

    This is a regulatory board so I am going to answer from a regulatory perspective. 

    Write your label honestly and base it on your data.  Train your commercial team on what your drug does (and doesn't do) and keep an eye on prescriptions (this is more an issue when you know your patient population numbers).  You cannot stop a doctor from prescribing off label, nor should you.  It's not your responsibility to foresee misuse of an approved drug.  What you cannot, CANNOT, do is encourage off label use.  

    From a commercial perspective....the bonus aint worth it, don't go off label you animals!​


  • 12.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 07-Nov-2022 13:27
    I worked for a company that made implants for orthopedic trauma. The instrument and implant sets are quite complicated with many components and various similar instruments. The hospitals usually keep the sets in house sterile wrapped. The local reps attend the surgeries to help the nurses by identifying what the instruments are and how they are assembled for use. This helps the surgery run smoothly.

    One rep I talked with said that if he is called in to assist in a case that he knows in going to be off-label use, he stays away because he doesn't want to be accused of aiding in the off-label use.

    Another rep said that he would go in to assist because he wants to assure the correct use of the instruments for the sake of the patient's safety.

    Keep in mind that the surgeon has freedom of practice and can legally use a device off-label.

    Which rep is correct? The one who stays away knowing that the case will likely go worse in his absence, or the rep who assists to increase the level of safe use of the instruments and implants?

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    John Minier, RAC
    Consultant, Principal
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  • 13.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 13-Nov-2022 11:13

    Thank you all for the comments and information.

    I'm particularly concerned by the guidance document that Anne cited, "If a manufacturer knows or has information indicating that his device is to be used for conditions or purposes other than which it was intended, he is required to provide adequate labeling in accordance with such other uses. (An example of this might be a manufacturer of dental X-ray equipment who is routinely selling his product to podiatrists.)"

    There is ambiguity here since it starts as "the manufacturer knows" but the example is "the manufacturer sells". I think of reasonably foreseeable misuse as falling into the "knows" portion. It is what makes me nervous and I usually recommend that people who address this in the Risk Management File have a consultation with the company's Regulatory folk.

    Ella's situation is a good case in point. If a customer misuses a device, the obligation falls on the manufacturer.

    In my opinion, this is a bad policy from FDA. As I recall, there was a time when the manufacturer had to send a letter to the user telling to stop the misuse.

    Also, IEC 62366-1, 4.1.3 says, "Conscious disregard of such information for safety by the user is considered to be an intentional act or intentional omission of an act that is counter to or violates normal use and  is also beyond any further reasonable means of user interface-related risk control by the manufacturer (i.e., abnormal use)".

    I think of this as extending to other forms of abnormal use – conscious, intentional act or intentional omission of an act that is counter to or violates normal use



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    Dan O'Leary CQA, CQE
    Swanzey NH
    United States
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  • 14.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 14-Nov-2022 09:59
    Hi, Dan,

    The FDA is holding a workshop on risk tomorrow. We can ask some of these questions then.

    FDA Risk Workshop

    Regards,


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    John Minier, RAC
    Consultant, Principal
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  • 15.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 14-Nov-2022 13:25
    John,

    Unfortunately, I can't attend because of a prior commitment. I hope others can ask.

    These are usually available after the event, so I plan to watch it later.

    Regards,
    Dan


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    Dan O'Leary CQA, CQE
    Swanzey NH
    United States
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  • 16.  RE: Reasonably foreseeable misuse and Off-label use

    Posted 14-Nov-2022 14:06
    Please note that there are actually two sessions in the FDA workshop. One led by Joe Tortal and one by Tonya Wilbon. I know both instructors quite well and have taught with them in past classes. They are great instructors and I believe you will enjoy the sessions where they will share FDA CDRH perspectives on risk management.

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    Edwin Bills MEd, BSc, RAC, ASQ Fellow, CQE, CQA, CMQ/OE
    Principal Consultant
    Overland Park KS
    United States
    elb@edwinbillsconsultant.com
    ------------------------------